Come difendere e migliorare la salute cardiovascolare

Preservare le difese antiossidanti del nostro organismo è fondamentale per mantenere e migliorare la salute cardiovascolare.

In primo luogo, occorre ridurre i fattori che causano stress ossidativo, ed infiammazione: sovrappeso/obesità, fumo di sigaretta, sedentarietà, insufficienti ore di sonno, stress psico-fisico ecc.  

Mentre l’assunzione di molecole antiossidanti/antinfiammatorie presenti negli alimenti e l’uso mirato di adeguati integratori alimentari, contribuiscono a combattere il precoce invecchiamento biologico, ed il rischio delle malattie croniche dipendenti dall’età, incluse quelle cardiovascolari.

Coenzima Q10 e salute cardiovascolare

A maggio 2025 la rivista International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention (IJCCRP) ha pubblicato l’articolo sui benefici cardiovascolari del coenzima Q10, inclusa la regolazione della pressione arteriosa (1).

Il coenzima Q10 è uno degli antiossidanti più studiati ed utilizzati nell’antiaging, nella prevenzione e nella gestione di un’ampia gamma di disturbi clinici correlati all’età (1, 2, 3, 5-14).

Nei pazienti ipertesi, l’integrazione orale di coenzima Q10 di 100-150 mg/giorno per almeno 8 settimane, riduce significativamente la pressione arteriosa sistolica (1) ed in misura inferiore anche la pressione diastolica (4).

Questi positivi risultati sono particolarmente marcati nei soggetti con bassi livelli ematici di coenzima Q10, rilevati prima dell’inizio del trattamento (1).

È noto che l’invecchiamento causi un abbassamento dei livelli degli antiossidanti fisiologicamente presenti nel corpo umano (15) (Nota 1). Si tratta di un fenomeno aggravato da inquinanti ambientali, stili di vita insalubri ecc. (15).

L’integrazione con coenzima Q10 contribuisce a ripristinare le difese antiossidanti dell’organismo, proteggere e migliorare le funzioni dei vasi sanguigni (es.: elasticità), delle cellule, del tessuto cardiaco e di altri organi legati alla salute cardiovascolare, es.: cervello, rene (1, 4, 16, 17).  

Per questo il coenzima Q10 viene utilizzato anche in associazione alle terapie convenzionali per:

•   la gestione dello scompenso cardiaco (18-30);

•   migliorare il profilo lipidico (4, 31, 32-34);

•   ostacolare il rischio di aterosclerosi (35-37) e di complicazioni cerebrovascolari (38)

•   ridurre alcuni fenomeni lesivi per le cellule cardiache (39, 40, 41);

•   preservare la sintesi di testosterone (42, 43, 44), l’ormone maschile importante anche per la salute cardiometabolica (42, 43, 44, 45, 46).

Il fabbisogno giornaliero di coenzima Q10 è di 100 - 200 mg/giorno (47). 

Secondo l’Istituto Superiore di Sanità si tratta di una quantità difficile da assumere attraverso le porzioni giornaliere raccomandate degli alimenti contenenti coenzima Q10, come  frattaglie (es.: fegato) e pesci grassi (es.: tonno, sgombri, sardine), ecc., (47).

Un eccessivo consumo di questi alimenti produrrebbe un’effetto opposto a quello desiderato (48, 49).

Pertanto l’integrazione orale di coenzima Q10 può rappresentare la scelta più semplice e sicura per evitare la carenza (1, 47).

Ulteriori antiossidanti / antinfiammatori per la salute cardiovascolare

Altri antiossidanti / antinfiammatori possono contribuire in varia misura alla salute cardiovascolare (4, 16, 35, 36, 50, 51),  oltre a rallentare l’invecchiamento biologico (35, 52, 53, 54).

Dai numerosi studi emergono prove di efficacia per:

•   acidi grassi omega 3 (20, 35, 55-59);

•   vitamine: A / carotenoidi, complesso B, C, E (35, 60-67), D (63, 68, 69, 70); 

•   polifenoli es.: curcumina, fisetina, quercetina e resveratrolo (4, 20, 71-76).

Il resveratrolo svolge importanti ed ampiamente documentate attività antiaging, cardio- e neuroprotettive.

Inoltre, il resveratrolo può interagire con i recettori degli estrogeni e risultare utile nel peri- e post-menopausa, con positivi effetti metabolici e sulla densità minerale ossea  (4, 16, 17, 20, 43, 77, 79-86).

Focus sugli integratori Mitochon srl

Alcuni componenti attivi degli integratori studiati e commercializzati Mitochon srl https://www.mitochon.it/ svolgono significative funzioni protettive anche sul sistema cardiovascolare, oltre all’incisivo ruolo antiaging cutaneo e sistemico (93). 

L’integratore orosolubile Mitofast bit.ly/3VUlGkS (93), in bustine monodose, è un’associazione bilanciata (93, 94) con azione sinergica di:

•   Resveratrolo (40 mg);

•   Coenzima Q10 (100 mg);

•   Acido folico (400 mcg);

•   Vitamina C (20 mg);

•   N-acetilglucosamina (150 mg); 

•   N-acetilcisteina (150 mg).

Oltre ai già citati resveratrolo, coenzima Q10 e vitamine; l’acido folico e la N-acetilcisteina dimostrano benefici per la salute cardiovascolare.

Acido folico

Studi clinici condotti su ampie fasce della popolazione dimostrano la significativa riduzione:

•   della pressione arteriosa sistolica e diabolica, con trattamenti della durata di 4-6 settimane e dosaggi intorno alla dose giornaliera raccomandata (95).

•   del rischio di ictus (96) e del rischio cardiovascolare totale, attraverso il miglioramento del profilo lipidico, glicemico e della funzione endoteliale (68, 96-101).

•   dei livelli di omocisteina, un noto fattore di rischio cardiovascolare (16, 93, 102, 103, 104, 105). Sul quale è attiva anche la vitamina B12, con un significativo abbassamento delle complicazioni metaboliche e degli eventi cerebrovascolari (102-107).

Vitamina B12

La linea Mitochon srl https://www.mitochon.it/ comprende anche Mitofast B12  bit.ly/4d5ll4P integratore liquido di vitamina B12, associabile a Mitofast bit.ly/3VUlGkS quando si ricerca un’azione sinergica con appropriati dosaggi (108), contro l’aging ed il rischio dei disturbi associati (103, 104).

Mantenere adeguati livelli ematici di vitamina B12, infatti, fornisce anche un significativo contributo contro l’invecchiamento e le malattie correlate (16, 103, 104, 109-114).

N-acetilcisteina (NAC)

La NAC incrementa le concentrazioni cellulari di glutatione, il potente antiossidante endogeno soggetto ad un progressivo declino con l’avanzare dell’età. Tra i molti effetti dell’integrazione di NAC, le ricerche dimostrano benefici per le funzioni vascolari e cardiache, riducendo lo stress ossidativo e l’infiammazione cronica (11, 115-123).

Conclusioni

Oltre ad adottare proficue abitudini di vita e consultare un professionista della salute, l’uso mirato di specifici integratori può contribuire a:

•   migliorare le difese antiossidanti;

•   rallentare l’invecchiamento biologico (124);

•   ridurre il rischio e la progressione di molte malattie collegate all’età, incluse quelle cardiovascolari.

Nota 1 (1, 2, 3, 4, 15)

Declino delle difese antiossidianti dell’organismo

Gli antiossidanti enzimatici del corpo umano es.: superossido dismutasi, catalasi, glutatione perossidasi ecc. vanno incontro ad un progressivo abbassamento delle loro concentrazioni legato all’avanzare dell’età.

Tra gli antiossidanti non-enzimatici, il coenzima Q10, in parte sintetizzato dall’organismo, è soggetto ad un progressivo declino delle concentrazioni sieriche, nel tessuto cardiaco, e di altri organi ad elevata richiesta energetica per il loro funzionamento come cervello, rene ecc…

Questo fenomeno viene accelerato dalla presenza di malattie (es.: cardiovascolari), dalle sollecitazioni esterne come l’inquinamento, fumo di sigaretta, radiazioni UV ecc., che portano ad un esaurimento del potenziale antiossidante / antinfiammatorio dell’organismo.

Fattori esterni ed interni all’organismo espongono al rischio di deplezione di altri antiossidanti non-enzimatici, es.: glutatione, vitamina C ed E.

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63. Liu C, Wongsonegoro H, Sheng T, Fan H, Zhang J. Associations between serum micronutrients and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in a national representative population: Mediated by inflammatory biomarkers. Redox Biol. 2025 Apr;81:103573. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103573. 

64. Tappia PS, Shah AK, Dhalla NS. The Efficacy of Vitamins in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Sep 10;25(18):9761. doi: 10.3390/ijms25189761. 

65. Baik I. Prospective Associations of Dietary Antioxidant Vitamin Intake and 8-Year Risk of Elevated Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels. Nutrients. 2025 Mar 14;17(6):1020. doi: 10.3390/nu17061020.

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67. Amini S, Navab F, Rouhani MH, Jamialahmadi T, Bagherniya M, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. The effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum low-density lipoprotein oxidization: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2025 Jun 15;997:177491. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177491.

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69. Giustina A, Bilezikian JP, Adler RA, Banfi G, Bikle DD, Binkley NC, Bollerslev J, Bouillon R, Brandi ML, Casanueva FF, di Filippo L, Donini LM, Ebeling PR, Fuleihan GE, Fassio A, Frara S, Jones G, Marcocci C, Martineau AR, Minisola S, Napoli N, Procopio M, Rizzoli R, Schafer AL, Sempos CT, Ulivieri FM, Virtanen JK. Consensus Statement on Vitamin D Status Assessment and Supplementation: Whys, Whens, and Hows. Endocr Rev. 2024 Sep 12;45(5):625-654. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnae009.

70. Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, Diab DL, Kiely ME, Lazaretti-Castro M, Lips P, Mitchell DM, Murad MH, Powers S, Rao SD, Scragg R, Tayek JA, Valent AM, Walsh JME, McCartney CR. Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Jul 12;109(8):1907-1947. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgae290. Erratum in: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025 Feb 18;110(3):e916. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgae854. Erratum in: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025 Jun 04:dgaf310. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaf310.

71. Wan S, Luo J, Zhu Y, An P, Luo Y, Xing Q. The Effect of Antioxidant Polyphenol Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2024 Dec 5;16(23):4206. doi: 10.3390/nu16234206. 

72. Stankovic S, Mutavdzin Krneta S, Djuric D, Milosevic V, Milenkovic D. Plant Polyphenols as Heart's Best Friends: From Health Properties, to Cellular Effects, to Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jan 22;26(3):915. doi: 10.3390/ijms26030915. 

73. Quesada-Vázquez S, Eseberri I, Les F, Pérez-Matute P, Herranz-López M, Atgié C, Lopez-Yus M, Aranaz P, Oteo JA, Escoté X, Lorente-Cebrian S, Roche E, Courtois A, López V, Portillo MP, Milagro FI, Carpéné C. Polyphenols and metabolism: from present knowledge to future challenges. J Physiol Biochem. 2024 Aug;80(3):603-625. doi: 10.1007/s13105-024-01046-7.

74. Scaglione S, Di Chiara T, Daidone M, Tuttolomondo A. Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome Concerning the Cardiometabolic Risk. Nutrients. 2025 Jan 20;17(2):358. doi: 10.3390/nu17020358. 

75. Mansour H, Slika H, Nasser SA, Pintus G, Khachab M, Sahebkar A, Eid AH. Flavonoids, gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: Dynamics and interplay. Pharmacol Res. 2024 Nov;209:107452. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107452.

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77. Mini-Review Resveratrolo Peri- Post-Menopausa https://www.mitochon.it/peri-e-post-menopausa-novita-sui-vantaggi-dellintegrazionealimentare-mirata/

78. Mini-Review Resveratrolo effetti neuroprotettivi https://www.mitochon.it/cervello-e-cognitivita-effetti-neuroprotettivi-del-resveratrolo/

79. Mini-Review Osteoporosi - Resveratrolo 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/osteoporosi-nel-post-menopausa-attualita-sul-ruolo-del-resveratrolo-altri-antiossidanti-e-vitamine/?v=0d149b90e739

80. Mini-Review Sovrappenso / Obesità - Resveratrolo - Antiossidanti 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/sovrappeso-obesita-quale-contributo-dal-resveratrolo-ed-altri-antiossidanti/?v=0d149b90e739

81. Mini-Review Stress psicofisico - Antiossidanti / Neuroprotettori 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/stress-psicofisico-attualita-sulluso-appropriato-di-antiossidanti-neuroprotettivi/?v=0d149b90e739

82. Gulati A, Banker H, Muhammad AA, Anamika F, Jain R. Unlocking the Potential: Phytoestrogens and Cardiovascular Health. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2025;21(3):e1573403X333952. doi: 10.2174/011573403X333952241203050033.

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84. Khan MA, Khan MA, Siddiqui S, Misra A, Yadav K, Srivastava A, Trivedi A, Husain I, Ahmad R. Phytoestrogens as potential anti-osteoporosis nutraceuticals: Major sources and mechanism(s) of action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2025 Jul;251:106740. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2025.106740.

85. Tufail T, Fatima S, Bader Ul Ain H, Ikram A, Noreen S, Rebezov M, Al-Farga A, Saleh R, Shariati MA. Role of Phytonutrients in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: A Concrete Review. ACS Omega. 2025 Mar 27;10(13):12724-12755. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02927. 

86. Ren ZQ, Zheng SY, Sun Z, Luo Y, Wang YT, Yi P, Li YS, Huang C, Xiao WF. Resveratrol: Molecular Mechanisms, Health Benefits, and Potential Adverse Effects. MedComm (2020). 2025 Jun 11;6(6):e70252. doi: 10.1002/mco2.70252.

87. Polom, J.; Boccardi, V. Employing Nutrition to Delay Aging: A Plant-Based Telomere-Friendly Dietary Revolution. Nutrients 2025, 17, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122004

88. Mini-Review Sovrappenso / Obesità - Resveratrolo - Antiossidanti 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/sovrappeso-obesita-quale-contributo-dal-resveratrolo-ed-altri-antiossidanti/?v=0d149b90e739

89. Elantary R, Othman S. Role of L-carnitine in Cardiovascular Health: Literature Review. Cureus. 2024 Sep 26;16(9):e70279. doi: 10.7759/cureus.70279. 

90. Demarquoy, J. Revisiting the Role of Carnitine in Heart Disease Through the Lens of the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2024, 16, 4244. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234244

91. Aron A, Landrum EJ, Schneider AD, Via M, Evans L, Rawson ES. Effects of acute creatine supplementation on cardiac and vascular responses in older men; a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2024 Oct;63:557-563. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.07.008.

92. Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Del Coso J, Franco-Andrés A, Gamonales JM, Espada MC, González-García J, López-Moreno M, Varillas-Delgado D. Creatine Supplementation Beyond Athletics: Benefits of Different Types of Creatine for Women, Vegans, and Clinical Populations-A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2024 Dec 29;17(1):95. doi: 10.3390/nu17010095.

93. Mini-Review studio pilota Mitofast https://www.mitochon.it/mitofast-nuovi-ed-importanti-risultati-da-uno-studio-clinico-preliminare/

94. Bellanti, F.; Coda, A.R.D.; Trecca, M.I.; Lo Buglio, A.; Serviddio, G.; Vendemiale, G. Redox Imbalance in Inflammation: The Interplay of Oxidative and Reductive Stress. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 656. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14060656 

95. Asbaghi O, Salehpour S, Rezaei Kelishadi M, Bagheri R, Ashtary-Larky D, Nazarian B, Mombaini D, Ghanavati M, Clark CCT, Wong A, Naeini AA. Folic acid supplementation and blood pressure: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 41,633 participants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(13):1846-1861. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1968787. 

96. An P, Wan S, Luo Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Zhou S, Xu T, He J, Mechanick JI, Wu WC, Ren F, Liu S. Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Dec 13;80(24):2269-2285. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048.

97. Miao Y, Guo Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Lu Y, Guo Q. The effect of B-vitamins on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2024 Oct 1;82(10):1386-1401. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad127. 

98. Fogacci F, Pizzi C, Bergamaschi L, Di Micoli V, Cicero AFG. Folic acid and plasma lipids: Interactions and effect of folate supplementation. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2024 Jun;49(6):102539. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102539.

99. Zamani M, Rezaiian F, Saadati S, Naseri K, Ashtary-Larky D, Yousefi M, Golalipour E, Clark CCT, Rastgoo S, Asbaghi O. The effects of folic acid supplementation on endothelial function in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr J. 2023 Feb 24;22(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12937-023-00843-y.

100. Mokgalaboni K, Mashaba GR, Phoswa WN, Lebelo SL. Folic acid supplementation on inflammation and homocysteine in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Diabetes. 2024 Apr 22;14(1):22. doi: 10.1038/s41387-024-00282-6.

101. Xu X, Wei W, Jiang W, Song Q, Chen Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Sun H, Yang X. Association of folate intake with cardiovascular-disease mortality and all-cause mortality among people at high risk of cardiovascular-disease. Clin Nutr. 2022 Jan;41(1):246-254. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.007.

102. Park S, Kang S. Interaction of Genetics and Dietary Patterns Scored by the High Healthy Eating Index in Hyperhomocysteinaemia Influencing Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Nutr Bull. 2025 Jun;50(2):311-325. doi: 10.1111/nbu.70007. 

103. Mini-Review Vitamina B12 - Acido Folico https://www.mitochon.it/vitamina-b12-e-acido-folico-cosa-ce-di-nuovo-parte-1/

104. Mini-Review Vitamina B12 https://www.mitochon.it/vitamina-b12-nelle-strategie-antiaging/

105. Mini-Review Acido Folico https://www.mitochon.it/acido-folico-dalla-clinica-allantiaging-attualita-2024/

106. Zhang N, Wu Z, Bai X, Song Y, Li P, Lu X, Huo Y, Zhou Z. Dosage exploration of combined B-vitamin supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024 Mar;119(3):821-828. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.021.

107. Sirivarasai J, Shantavasinkul PC, Thitiwiwatkul M, Monsuwan W, Panpunuan P, Sritara P. Association Between Plasma Homocysteine, Folate, Vitamin B12 Levels, and Metabolic Dysfunction Indices in Elderly with Arterial Stiffness. J Clin Med. 2025 Apr 26;14(9):2998. doi: 10.3390/jcm14092998. 

108. Liu K, Yang Z, Lu X, Zheng B, Wu S, Kang J, Sun S, Zhao J. The origin of vitamin B12 levels and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer specific mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2024 Feb;117:105230. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105230.

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110. Simonenko SY, Bogdanova DA, Kuldyushev NA. Emerging Roles of Vitamin B12 in Aging and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 May 6;25(9):5044. doi: 10.3390/ijms25095044.

111. Choi JY, Min JY, Min KB. Anti-aging protein klotho was associated with vitamin B12 concentration in adults. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Oct 7;101(40):e30710. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030710.

112. Li Y, Wang H, Chen S, Wei Q, Liu Y, Song Z, Du S. The combined indicator of vitamin B12 status calculated using 3-parameters (3cB12) is negatively associated with mortality among US adults: NHANES 1999 to 2004. Nutr Res. 2025 Apr;136:53-63. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2025.02.008.

113. Liu Y, Gao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Yu B. Prevalence of Functional Cobalamin Deficiency and Relevant Mortality Risk in the General Population: An Unheeded Phenotype Distinct from Cobalamin Deficiency. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2025 Mar-Apr;44(3):181-189. doi: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2412594. 

114. Zhang B, Dong H, Xu Y, Xu D, Sun H, Han L. Associations of dietary folate, vitamin B6 and B12 intake with cardiovascular outcomes in 115664 participants: a large UK population-based cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2023 Mar;77(3):299-307. doi: 10.1038/s41430-022-01206-2. 

115. Amador-Martínez I, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Aranda-Rivera AK, Bernabe-Yepes B, Medina-Campos ON, Tapia E, Cortés-González CC, Silva-Palacios A, Roldán FJ, León-Contreras JC, Hernández-Pando R, Saavedra E, Gonzaga-Sánchez JG, Ceja-Galicia ZA, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Effect of N-Acetylcysteine in Mitochondrial Function, Redox Signaling, and Sirtuin 3 Levels in the Heart During Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4 Development. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Mar 20;14(3):367. doi: 10.3390/antiox14030367.

116. Meegaswatte H, Speer K, McKune AJ, Naumovski N. Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals for the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2024 Dec 25;25(12):460. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2512460.

117. Tieu, S.; Charchoglyan, A.; Paulsen, L.; Wagter-Lesperance, L.C.; Shandilya, U.K.; Bridle, B.W.; Mallard, B.A.; Karrow, N.A. N-Acetylcysteine and Its Immunomodulatory Properties in Humans and Domesticated Animals. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101867

118. Zheng J, Zhang W, Ito J, Henkelmann B, Xu C, Mishima E, Conrad M. N-acetyl-l-cysteine averts ferroptosis by fostering glutathione peroxidase 4. Cell Chem Biol. 2025 May 15;32(5):767-775.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.04.002. 

119. Penna C, Pagliaro P. Endothelial Dysfunction: Redox Imbalance, NLRP3 Inflammasome, and Inflammatory Responses in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Feb 23;14(3):256. doi: 10.3390/antiox14030256.

120. Qin S, Zhu C, Chen C, Sheng Z, Cao Y. An emerging double‑edged sword role of ferroptosis in cardiovascular disease (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2025 Jan;55(1):16. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5457.

121. Mini-Review Glutatione / NAC https://www.mitochon.it/glutatione-perche-proteggere-le-sue-concentrazioni-cellulari-nellantiaging/

122. Mini-Review N-acetilcisteina https://www.mitochon.it/n-acetilcisteina-nac-dalla-clinica-allanti-aging/

123. Sun M, Lu Z, Chen WM, Lv S, Fu N, Yang Y, Wang Y, Miao M, Wu SY, Zhang J. N-acetylcysteine therapy reduces major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2025 Mar;402:119117. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119117.

124. Wu, Y., Xiang, M., Zhao, Y. et al. The L-shaped link between total antioxidant capacity and phenotypic age acceleration: evidence from NHANES 2003–2010. Biogerontology 26, 85 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-025-10223-0.