Stress psicofisico: come difendersi con l’aiuto degli antiossidanti

Lo stress psicofisico provoca un eccessivo rilascio di cortisolo (1, 2) (Nota 1), che innesca stress ossidativo, infiammazione cronica, altera le funzioni energetiche dei mitocondri e le attività delle cellule.

Ne consegue l’abbassamento delle difese antiossidanti ed immunitarie dell’organismo, che si manifestano con vari disturbi acuti e cronici (1, 2) e sono conseguenti a varie forme di stress, es.: correlate al lavoro (3, 4, 5), all’intesa e prolungata attività sportiva (6, 7), alle insufficienti ore di sonno ecc. (2).

Lo stress psicofisico accelera l’invecchiamento biologico del nostro organismo (15), a causa dei danni provocati alle funzioni cellulari (16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21).

LE CONSEGUENZE CLINICHE DELLO STRESS PSICOFISICO

Le persone sottoposte ad eccessivo stress psicofisico avvertono stanchezza, irritabilità, minore resistenza, affaticamento mentale ecc., fino all’estrema conseguenza della cosiddetta sindrome da burnout (3, 22-31).

Nel lungo periodo il carico di stress può predisporre alle malattie neurodegenerative, come l’Alzheimer, ed il Parkinson (32); ed alle malattie cardiovascolari, come le ischemie cardiache e cerebrali (33, 34, 35).

Sono condizioni cliniche che possono essere aggravate dal sovrappeso / obesità, eccessi alimentari, fumo di sigaretta ecc., frequentemente presenti nelle persone sotto stress cronico e deleterie per la salute cognitiva, metabolica e cardiovascolare (3, 36, 37, 38, 39).

In Italia le malattie cardiovascolari rappresentano tutt’oggi la principale causa di decesso (30,8%), secondo gli ultimi rilievi dell’Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Istat) (40, 41). Le donne risultano più suscettibili a queste malattie (42).

Tra i principali disturbi clinici causati allo stress, troviamo anche quelli:

- neurocognitivi   (31, 43, 44);

- orali, come  la periodontite (45, 46, 47, 48);

- gastrointestinali (49, 50), come  la sindrome dell’intestino irritabile, in particolare nelle donne (51);

- problematiche che possono aggravare la sintomatologia dell’andropausa (52) e della menopausa (53, 54);

- cutanei, come  la dermatite atopica (55).

Inoltre, lo stress accelera l’invecchiamento cutaneo. Uno studio clinico ha rilevato che il 33% delle donne, con stress cronico moderato, accusa un significativo aumento delle linee sottili e della rugosità della pelle (56, 57, 58, 59).

Lo stress psicofisico è spesso associato a: insonnia (60, 61, 62), ansia e depressione (55, 63, 64, 65, 66).

L’EFFICACIA DEGLI ANTIOSSIDANTI CONTRO LE CONSEGUENZE CLINICHE DELLO STRESS

Negli ultimi anni, si è affermato l’uso di specifici antiossidanti che agiscono su gran parte delle cause biologiche dei disturbi conseguenti allo stress psicofisico, aumentando in modo incisivo le difese antiossidanti dell’organismo, già di per se soggette ad un progressivo declino con l’avanzare dell’età (3, 32, 67-75).

Occorre precisare che l’integrazione alimentare non sostituisce specifici interventi sulle origini dello stress, sullo stile di vita, e la gestione professionale degli eventuali disturbi associati.

Tuttavia il corretto uso di determinati integratori può aiutare molto a prevenire ed attenuare i principali disturbi causati dallo stress, come  dimostrato da molti studi clinici pubblicati nelle più prestigiose riviste scientifiche internazionali (3, 32, 67-75).

OPPORTUNITÀ DALLE RICERCHE CLINICHE SUGLI ANTIOSSIDANTI

L’azienda italiana Mitochon srl https://www.mitochon.it/ dopo vari anni di ricerche ha formulato i propri integratori alimentari Mitofast bit.ly/3VUlGkS, Mitofast B12  bit.ly/4d5ll4P, e la linea cosmeceutica bit.ly/4aY7Pyy basandosi sui risultati clinici dimostrati con l’associazione bilanciata di: 

resveratrolo,  coenzima Q10,  N-acetilcisteina, acido folico, N-acetilglucosammina, vitamina C, oltre alla vitamina B12 presente in Mitofast B12.

Tra le caratteristiche vincenti dei prodotti Mitochon:

- alti dosaggi degli ingredienti attivi, definiti secondo l’efficacia e la tollerabilità documentate dagli studi clinici;

- elevato assorbimento per via orale, grazie alla formulazione orosolubile di Mitofast;

- massima penetrazione transcutanea dei prodotti dermocosmetici realizzati con la tecnologia brevettata: P.AS.S. (Permeable AntioxidantS System);

- incisivo aumento delle difese antiossidanti totali dell’organismo, es.: livelli ematici di glutatione, coenzima Q10, vitamina C ed E ecc.;

- significativo miglioramento dei segni dell’invecchiamento cutaneo, dei livelli di energia e resistenza fisica e mentale;

- importante ruolo preventivo dei disturbi dipendenti dall’età, es.: cardiometabolici, neurocognitivi.

Nota 1 (1)

Il cortisolo viene prodotto dalle ghiandole surrenali secondo un ritmo circadiano, un processo biologico che modula molte funzioni dell’organismo, oltre al ciclo sonno / veglia nell’arco delle 24 ore della giornata.

I livelli di cortisolo aumentano tra le 2.00 e le 4.00 del mattino, raggiungendo il picco poco dopo il risveglio.

Durante il giorno i livelli di cortisolo diminuiscono gradualmente e raggiungono il punto più basso intorno a mezzanotte. 

I livelli di cortisolo aumentano in risposta a stress fisico o emotivo, e possono essere alterati da varie cause, come le ridotte ore di sonno.

Bibliografia

1. Saxena A, Prabhudesai KS, Damle A, Ramakrishnan S, Durairaj P, Kalankariyan S, Vijayalakshmi AB, Venkatesh KV. A systems biology-based mathematical model demonstrates the potential anti-stress effectiveness of a multi-nutrient botanical formulation. Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 26;14(1):9582. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-60112-8.

2. Bolos, O.; Bolchis, V.; Dumitrescu, R.; Alexa, V.T.; Buzatu, B.L.R.; Marcu, A.; Marian, C.; Ciordas, P.D.; Jumanca, D.; Galuscan, A.; et al. Salivary Cortisol and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) as Biomarkers of Stress in Dental Medicine Students—A Pilot Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 1972. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60121972

3. Kalogerakou, T.; Antoniadou, M. The Role of Dietary Antioxidants, Food Supplements and Functional Foods for Energy Enhancement in Healthcare Professionals. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121508

4. Giacon TA, Mrakic-Sposta S, Bosco G, Vezzoli A, Dellanoce C, Campisi M, Narici M, Paganini M, Foing B, Kołodziejczyk A, Martinelli M, Pavanello S. Environmental study and stress-related biomarkers modifications in a crew during analog astronaut mission EMMPOL 6. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2025 Jan;125(1):209-221. doi: 10.1007/s00421-024-05575-3

5. Abrantes MR, Madeira RB, Monteiro LF, Matias CN, Massuça LM. Cortisol, testosterone and psychosocial responses in the assessment of stress in police officers: a brief systematic review of the literature. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2024 Nov 14;22(3):e20231153. doi: 10.47626/1679-4435-2023-1153.

6. Soler-López, A.; Moreno-Villanueva, A.; Gómez-Carmona, C.D.; Pino-Ortega, J. The Role of Biomarkers in Monitoring Chronic Fatigue Among Male Professional Team Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sensors 2024, 24, 6862. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24216862

7. Tanwar E, Kalpana K. Can consumption of finger millet diet improve mental health status in athletes: a possible link with modulation of cortisol levels. Phys Act Nutr. 2024 Dec;28(4):49-59. doi: 10.20463/pan.2024.0032.

8. Shah K, Kumari R, Jain M. Unveiling stress markers: A systematic review investigating psychological stress biomarkers. Dev Psychobiol. 2024 Jul;66(5):e22490. doi: 10.1002/dev.22490.

9. Al-Kufaishi AMA, Al-Musawi NJT. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with post-traumatic stress disorders and related to oxidative stress. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2024 Aug 14;45(4):157-164. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2024-0017. PMID: 39140180

10. Blackson EA, McCarthy C, Bell C, Ramirez S, Bazzano AN. Experiences of menopausal transition among populations exposed to chronic psychosocial stress in the United States: a scoping review. BMC Womens Health. 2024 Sep 4;24(1):487. doi: 10.1186/s12905-024-03329-z.

11. Verma A, Inslicht SS, Bhargava A. Gut-Brain Axis: Role of Microbiome, Metabolomics, Hormones, and Stress in Mental Health Disorders. Cells. 2024 Aug 27;13(17):1436. doi: 10.3390/cells13171436.

12. Wu Y, Xiang M, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Cheng W, Deng J. The L-shaped link between total antioxidant capacity and phenotypic age acceleration: evidence from NHANES 2003-2010. Biogerontology. 2025 Apr 2;26(2):85. doi: 10.1007/s10522-025-10223-0.

13. Silvestrini, A.; Meucci, E.; Ricerca, B.M.; Mancini, A. Total Antioxidant Capacity: Biochemical Aspects and Clinical Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310978

14. Dutra TA, Fragoso MBT, Wanderley TM, Bezerra AR, Bueno NB, de Oliveira ACM. Diet's total antioxidant capacity and women's health: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2025 Mar 6:1-29. doi: 10.1017/S0007114525000443.

15. Hansen JL, Carroll JE, Seeman TE, Cole SW, Rentscher KE. Lifetime chronic stress exposures, stress hormones, and biological aging: Results from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Brain Behav Immun. 2025 Jan;123:1159-1168. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.022.

16. Nielsen L, Marsland AL, Hamlat EJ, Epel ES. New Directions in Geroscience: Integrating Social and Behavioral Drivers of Biological Aging. Psychosom Med. 2024 Jun 1;86(5):360-365. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001320.

17. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Tu, C.; Chen, X.; He, R. Advanced Glycation End Products in Disease Development and Potential Interventions. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040492

18. Mini-Review AGEs - invecchiamento cutaneo 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/invecchiamento-cutaneo-e-prodotti-della-glicazione-avanzata-ages-4-possibili-strategie-per-combatterli/?v=0d149b90e739

19. Zlomuzica A, Lange M, Reher S, Machulska A, Rinck M. The effects of psychological stress on approach tendencies for smoking-related cues in smokers. Eur J Neurosci. 2022 May;55(9-10):2581-2591. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15295.

20. Xi Q, Meza R, Leventhal A, Tam J. Modeling cigarette smoking disparities between people with and without serious psychological distress in the US, 1997-2100. Prev Med. 2023 Jan;166:107385. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107385.  

21. Linsley VG, Bishop NC, Roberts MJ, Hamrouni M, Demashkieh M, Paine NJ. Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Responses to Active and Passive Acute Psychological Stress. Biopsychosoc Sci Med. 2025 Feb-Mar 01;87(2):107-117. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001367. 

22. Dmytriv TR, Tsiumpala SA, Semchyshyn HM, Storey KB and Lushchak VI (2023) Mitochondrial dysfunction as a possible trigger of neuroinflammation at post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Front. Physiol. 14:1222826. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1222826

23. Daniels TE, Olsen EM, Tyrka AR. Stress and Psychiatric Disorders: The Role of Mitochondria. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2020 May 7;16:165-186. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-082719-104030.

24. Van Acker ZP, Leroy T, Annaert W. Mitochondrial dysfunction, cause or consequence in neurodegenerative diseases? Bioessays. 2025 Jan;47(1):e2400023. doi: 10.1002/bies.202400023.

25. Zhang W, Wang T, Li L, Xu J, Wang J, Wang G, Du J. The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Mediated Changes in Immune Cytokine Expression in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Mar 31. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-04872-y.

26. Zhang JR, Shen SY, Shen ZQ, Yin SY, Ye K, Li W, Li HY, Liang LF, Wang YQ, Guo XY, Yu J. Role of mitochondria-associated membranes in the hippocampus in the pathogenesis of depression. J Affect Disord. 2024 Sep 15;361:637-650. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.076.

27. Cui L, Lu J, Shen Z, Zhu J, Chen H, Yang S, Wang S, Shen X. Oxidative stress markers predict treatment outcomes in patients with generalized anxiety disorder treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Neuropsychobiology. 2025 Mar 12:1-19. doi: 10.1159/000544963.

28. Allen J, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Severe life stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and depressive behavior: A pathophysiological and therapeutic perspective. Mitochondrion. 2021 Jan;56:111-117. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.010. 

29. Padamsey Z, Rochefort NL. Paying the brain's energy bill. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2023 Feb;78:102668. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102668.  

30. Balasubramanian V. Brain power. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Aug 10;118(32):e2107022118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2107022118.

31. González Ibáñez F, VanderZwaag J, Deslauriers J, Tremblay MÈ. Ultrastructural features of psychological stress resilience in the brain: a microglial perspective. Open Biol. 2024 Nov;14(11):240079. doi: 10.1098/rsob.240079.

32. Yang HM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells. 2025 Feb 13;14(4):276. doi: 10.3390/cells14040276. 

33. Higueras-Fresnillo S, Herraiz-Adillo Á, Ahlqvist VH, Öberg R, Lenander C, Wennberg P, Wångdahl J, Berglind D, Daka B, Östgren CJ, Rådholm K, Henriksson P. Associations of psychological factors with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular health in middle-age: the population-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage study (SCAPIS). BMC Public Health. 2024 May 30;24(1):1455. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18924-w.

34. Vaccarino V, Bremner JD. Stress and cardiovascular disease: an update. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024 Sep;21(9):603-616. doi: 10.1038/s41569-024-01024-y.

35. Raggi P, Quyyumi AA, Henein MY, Vaccarino V. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Mar 19;22:100968. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2025.100968. 

36. Masood B, Moorthy M. Causes of obesity: a review. Clin Med (Lond). 2023 Jul;23(4):284-291. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2023-0168.

37. Lengton R, Schoenmakers M, Penninx BWJH, Boon MR, van Rossum EFC. Glucocorticoids and HPA axis regulation in the stress-obesity connection: A comprehensive overview of biological, physiological and behavioural dimensions. Clin Obes. 2025 Apr;15(2):e12725. doi: 10.1111/cob.12725.

38. Varra FN, Varras M, Varra VK, Theodosis-Nobelos P. Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation‑mediating treatment options (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2024 Jun;29(6):95. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13219.

39. A Manolis T, Manolis AA, Manolis AS. Emotional Stress in Cardiac and Vascular Diseases. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2025 Jan 1. doi: 10.2174/0115701611328094241104062903.

40. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Istat). Cause di morte anno 2021. 03/06/2024. https://www.istat.it/it/files/2024/06/Report-cause-di-morte-Anno-2021.pdf

41. Istituto Superiore Sanità. Cuore: Il 41% degli italiani tra 18 e 69 anni ha almeno tre fattori di rischio. 26/09/2024 https://www.iss.it/-/cuore-il-41-degli-italiani-tra-18-e-69-anni-ha-almeno-tre-fattori-di-rischio

42. Ebong IA, Quesada O, Fonkoue IT, Mattina D, Sullivan S, Oliveira GMM, Spikes T, Sharma J, Commodore Y, Ogunniyi MO, Aggarwal NR, Vaccarino V; American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Disease in Women Committee. The Role of Psychosocial Stress on Cardiovascular Disease in Women: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Jul 16;84(3):298-314. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.05.016.

43. Burke MR, Sotiropoulos I, Waites CL. The multiple roles of chronic stress and glucocorticoids in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Trends Neurosci. 2024 Nov;47(11):933-948. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.08.015. 

44. Bartrés-Faz D, Marchant NL. Mental health and psychological processes associated with cognitive aging and dementia. Curr Opin Neurol. 2025 Apr 1;38(2):151-156. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001353.

45. Hensel ALJ, Nicholson K, Anderson KK, Gomaa NA. Biopsychosocial factors in oral and systemic diseases: a scoping review. Front Oral Health. 2024 May 30;5:1378467. doi: 10.3389/froh.2024.1378467.

46. Hingorjo MR, Owais M, Siddiqui SU, Nazar S, Ali YS. The impact of psychological stress on salivary cortisol levels in periodontitis patients: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health. 2025 Feb 21;25(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-05017-8. 

47. Gaeta C, Malvicini G, Di Lascio D, Martignoni M, Ragucci G, Grandini S, Marruganti C. Lifestyle, caries, and apical periodontitis: Results from a university-based cross-sectional study. Int Endod J. 2025 Feb;58(2):257-272. doi: 10.1111/iej.14165.

48. Macrì M, D'Albis G, D'Albis V, Antonacci A, Abbinante A, Stefanelli R, Pegreffi F, Festa F. Periodontal Health and Its Relationship with Psychological Stress: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med. 2024 May 16;13(10):2942. doi: 10.3390/jcm13102942.

49. Verma A, Inslicht SS, Bhargava A. Gut-Brain Axis: Role of Microbiome, Metabolomics, Hormones, and Stress in Mental Health Disorders. Cells. 2024 Aug 27;13(17):1436. doi: 10.3390/cells13171436.

50. Tofani GSS, Leigh SJ, Gheorghe CE, Bastiaanssen TFS, Wilmes L, Sen P, Clarke G, Cryan JF. Gut microbiota regulates stress responsivity via the circadian system. Cell Metab. 2025 Jan 7;37(1):138-153.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.10.003. 

51. Marano, G.; Traversi, G.; Pola, R.; Gasbarrini, A.; Gaetani, E.; Mazza, M. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Hallmark of Psychological Distress in Women? Life 2025, 15, 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020277

52. Tanji F, Nanbu H, Nishimoto D, Kawajiri M. Psychosocial Factors and Andropause Symptoms Among Japanese Men: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Mens Health. 2025 Jan-Feb;19(1):15579883241312836. doi: 10.1177/15579883241312836.

53. Orrù G, Ciacchini R, Conversano A, Conversano C, Gemignani A. Beyond the hot flashes: how machine learning is uncovering the complexity of menopause-related depression. CNS Spectr. 2025 Jan 6;30(1):e33. doi: 10.1017/S1092852924002463.

54. Brimienė I, Šiaudinytė M, Ilkevič E, Mazgelytė E, Karčiauskaitė D, Songailienė J, Kaminskas A, Petrėnas T, Utkus A, Burokas A, Grikšienė R. Associations of reproductive hormones and stress-related factors with menopausal symptoms. Menopause. 2025 Feb 1;32(2):151-157. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002463.

55. Alessandrello, C.; Sanfilippo, S.; Minciullo, P.L.; Gangemi, S. An Overview on Atopic Dermatitis, Oxidative Stress, and Psychological Stress: Possible Role of Nutraceuticals as an Additional Therapeutic Strategy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25095020

56. Pujos M, Chamayou-Robert C, Parat M, Bonnet M, Couret S, Robiolo A, Doucet O. Impact of Chronic Moderate Psychological Stress on Skin Aging: Exploratory Clinical Study and Cellular Functioning. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025 Jan;24(1):e16634. doi: 10.1111/jocd.16634.

57. Duarte M, Pedrosa SS, Khusial PR, Madureira AR. Exploring the interplay between stress mediators and skin microbiota in shaping age-related hallmarks: A review. Mech Ageing Dev. 2024 Aug;220:111956. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2024.111956.

58. Mini-review Pelle / Stress psicologico 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/linvecchiamento-della-pelle-causato-dallo-stress-psicologico/?v=0d149b90e739

59. Mini-Review Pelle - Infiammazione cronica 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/la-pelle-come-scudo-contro-linfiammazione-cronica-dellorganismo/?v=0d149b90e739

60. Yeom JW, Kim H, Pack SP, Lee HJ, Cheong T, Cho CH. Exploring the Psychological and Physiological Insights Through Digital Phenotyping by Analyzing the Discrepancies Between Subjective Insomnia Severity and Activity-Based Objective Sleep Measures: Observational Cohort Study. JMIR Ment Health. 2025 Jan 27;12:e67478. doi: 10.2196/67478.

61. Birch JN, Vanderheyden WM. The Molecular Relationship between Stress and Insomnia. Adv Biol (Weinh). 2022 Nov;6(11):e2101203. doi: 10.1002/adbi.202101203.

62. Tang L, Liu M, Mu J, Tian J. Association between circulating antioxidants and sleep disorders: comprehensive results from NHANES 2017-2018. Food Funct. 2024 Jun 17;15(12):6657-6672. doi: 10.1039/d4fo00413b.

63. M., S., S., M., Vadakkiniath, I.J. et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with chronic diseases: a cross-sectional study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 30, 66 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-023-00340-2

64. Platona RI, Căiţă GA, Voiţă-Mekeres F, Peia AO, Enătescu RV. The impact of psychiatric comorbidities associated with depression: a literature review. Med Pharm Rep. 2024 Apr;97(2):143-148. doi: 10.15386/mpr-2700.

65. Wallensten J, Ljunggren G, Nager A, Wachtler C, Petrovic P, Carlsson AC. Differences in psychiatric comorbidity patterns in patients diagnosed with chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder and depression - A cohort study in the total population of Region Stockholm. J Affect Disord. 2024 Apr 15;351:765-773. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.273.

66. Mårtensson G, Johansson F, Buhrman M, Åhs F, Clason van de Leur J. A network analysis of exhaustion disorder symptoms throughout treatment. BMC Psychiatry. 2024 May 23;24(1):389. doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-05842-9. 

67. Reid DM, Choe JY, Bruce MA, Thorpe RJ Jr, Jones HP, Phillips NR. Mitochondrial Functioning: Front and Center in Defining Psychosomatic Mechanisms of Allostasis in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol. 2025;2868:91-110. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4200-9_6.

68. Zong Y, Li H, Liao P, Chen L, Pan Y, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Liu D, Zheng M, Gao J. Mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024 May 15;9(1):124. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01839-8.

69. Grossini, E.; Venkatesan, S.; Ola Pour, M.M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Endothelial Cells: A Key Driver of Organ Disorders and Aging. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040372

70. Trumpff C, Monzel AS, Sandi C, Menon V, Klein HU, Fujita M, Lee A, Petyuk VA, Hurst C, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Wingo AP, Wingo TS, Wang Y, Thambisetty M, Ferrucci L, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Picard M. Psychosocial experiences are associated with human brain mitochondrial biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Jul 2;121(27):e2317673121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2317673121.

71. Chioino A, Sandi C. The Emerging Role of Brain Mitochondria in Fear and Anxiety. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2024 Nov 7. doi: 10.1007/7854_2024_537. 

72. Mini - Review Benessere e salute mitocodriale https://www.mitochon.it/obiettivo-benessere-partendo-dalla-salute-dei-mitocondri/

73. Golubnitschaja O, Sargheini N, Bastert J. Mitochondria in cutaneous health, disease, ageing and rejuvenation-the 3PM-guided mitochondria-centric dermatology. EPMA J. 2025 Feb 14;16(1):1-15. doi: 10.1007/s13167-025-00400-z.

74. Mini-Review Motivi per l’Integrazione Mirata https://www.mitochon.it/4-motivi-1-per-utilizzare-lintegrazione-mirata-contro-linvecchiamento-cutaneo-e-sistemico/

75. Golubnitschaja O, Kapinova A, Sargheini N, Bojkova B, Kapalla M, Heinrich L, Gkika E, Kubatka P. Mini-encyclopedia of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals protecting health in primary and secondary care-clinically relevant 3PM innovation. EPMA J. 2024 Apr 18;15(2):163-205. doi: 10.1007/s13167-024-00358-4.

76. Mini-Review Coenzima Q10 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/il-coenzima-q10-novita-per-luso-mirato-nellantiaging-cutaneo-e-per-gli-effetti-sistemici/?v=0d149b90e739

77. Mini-Review studio pilota Mitofast https://www.mitochon.it/mitofast-nuovi-ed-importanti-risultati-da-uno-studio-clinico-preliminare/

Ulteriori contributi provengono da formulazioni con sostanze emollienti ed idratanti.

78, . Mini-Review Dermatite Seborroica https://www.mitochon.it/dermatite-seborroica-attualita-sul-contributo-della-dermocosmesi/

79. Mini-Review Dermatite Atopica https://www.mitochon.it/dermatite-atopica-rigenerare-i-mitocondri-un-ulteriore-contributo-per-proteggere-la-barriera-epidermica/

80. Mini-Review Esosomi - Trattamenti Mitoncondriali 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/antiaging-cutaneo-attualita-2025-sugli-esosomi-ed-i-trattamenti-mitocondriali/?v=0d149b90e739

81. Mini - Review Vitamina E ruolo sistemico e dermocosmesi https://www.mitochon.it/vitamina-e-aggiornamenti-generali-e-ruolo-nei-trattamenti-antiaging-della-pelle/

82. Mini-Review Cellule cutanee - senescenza https://www.mitochon.it/le-ultime-scoperte-sullattivita-dei-mitocondri-cellule-cutanee-bersagli-e-risultati-dellantiaging-mitocondriale/

83. Mini-Review Infiammazione Cronica - Antiossidanti https://www.mitochon.it/infiammazione-cronica-attualita-sul-ruolo-di-specifici-antiossidanti-per-combatterla-a-livello-cutaneo-e-sistemico/

84. Mini-Review Glutatione / NAC https://www.mitochon.it/glutatione-perche-proteggere-le-sue-concentrazioni-cellulari-nellantiaging/

85. Mini-Review Precursori acido ascorbico https://www.mitochon.it/precursori-dellacido-ascorbico-per-massimizzare-lattivita-antiaging-per-via-topica-e-locale-ulteriori-acquisizioni-2024/

86. Mini-Review N-acetilglusosamina https://www.mitochon.it/n-acetilglucosamina-nag-per-il-trofismo-cutaneo/

87. Chen H, Lu M, Lyu Q, Shi L, Zhou C, Li M, Feng S, Liang X, Zhou X, Ren L. Mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction: Unraveling the hidden link to depression. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Jun;175:116656. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116656.

88. Correia, A.S.; Cardoso, A.; Vale, N. Oxidative Stress in Depression: The Link with the Stress Response, Neuroinflammation, Serotonin, Neurogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020470

89. Yang M, Qin X, Liu X. The effect of mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) modulation: New insights into therapeutic targets for depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025 May;172:106087. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106087.

90. Winiarska-Mieczan A, Kwiecień M, Jachimowicz-Rogowska K, Donaldson J, Tomaszewska E, Baranowska-Wójcik E. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenols-Polyphenols as an Element of Diet Therapy in Depressive Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 23;24(3):2258. doi: 10.3390/ijms24032258.

91. Scuto, M.; Majzúnová, M.; Torcitto, G.; Antonuzzo, S.; Rampulla, F.; Di Fatta, E.; Trovato Salinaro, A. Functional Food Nutrients, Redox Resilience Signaling and Neurosteroids for Brain Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 12155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212155

92. Vollbracht C, Werner M. The role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of depressions: time to consider vitamin C deficiency. Explor Neurosci. 2024;3:287–94. https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2024.00050

93. Faezeh Darabi, Majid Keshavarzi, Narges Khanjani, Saeed Yousefinejad, Zahra Zamanian, Effect of Antioxidants on oxidative damage, and hematological and psychological parameters in cement-exposed workers, Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances,

Volume 6, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2023.100060.

94. Sim M, Hong S, Jung S, Kim JS, Goo YT, Chun WY, Shin DM. Vitamin C supplementation promotes mental vitality in healthy young adults: results from a cross-sectional analysis and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2022 Feb;61(1):447-459. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02656-3.

95. Wang H, Jin M, Xie M, Yang Y, Xue F, Li W, Zhang M, Li Z, Li X, Jia N, Liu Y, Cui X, Hu G, Dong L, Wang G, Yu Q. Protective role of antioxidant supplementation for depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Affect Disord. 2023 Feb 15;323:264-279. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.072. 

96. Tobin, D.; Vuckovic, A.; Sarris, J. Targeting Divergent Pathways in the Nutritional Management of Depression. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2806. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162806

97. Kennedy KP, Alexander JL, Garakani A, Gross LS, Mintz DL, Parikh T, Pine JH, Sumner CR, Baron DA. Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Psychiatric Practice. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2024 Jun;26(6):265-272. doi: 10.1007/s11920-024-01505-4.

98. Yang Y, Qi H, Zhang J, Jia J, Yang Y, Zhao H. Evaluating the association of depressive symptoms on serum folate and erythrocyte folate levels based on the 2017-2020 NHANES database. Front Nutr. 2025 Feb 10;12:1505700. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1505700.

99. Harikaran S, Basu S, Mukherjee MP, Kar R, Nair S, Priyadarssini M. Vitamin B12 and homocysteine in patients with major depressive disorder. J Family Med Prim Care. 2024 May;13(5):2049-2053. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1460_23. 

100. Zhang J, Wang XY, Yang S, Xu XQ, Pan SJ, Li Y. Dietary food folate and synthetic folic acid co-exposure patterns with elevated depressive symptoms: Findings from NHANES 2005-2018. J Affect Disord. 2025 Apr 1;380:715-724. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.191.

101. Majmasanaye M, Mehrpooya M, Amiri H, Eshraghi A. Discovering the Potential Value of Coenzyme Q10 as an Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2024 May-Jun 01;44(3):232-239. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001845.

102. Yahia Z, Yahia A, Abdelaziz T. N-acetylcysteine Clinical Applications. Cureus. 2024 Oct 24;16(10):e72252. doi: 10.7759/cureus.72252.

103. Mini-Review Resveratrolo Peri- Post-Menopausa https://www.mitochon.it/peri-e-post-menopausa-novita-sui-vantaggi-dellintegrazionealimentare-mirata/

104. Mini-Review Resveratrolo effetti neuroprotettivi https://www.mitochon.it/cervello-e-cognitivita-effetti-neuroprotettivi-del-resveratrolo/

105. Badaeva A, Danilov A, Kosareva A, Lepshina M, Novikov V, Vorobyeva Y, Danilov A. Neuronutritional Approach to Fibromyalgia Management: A Narrative Review. Pain Ther. 2024 Oct;13(5):1047-1061. doi: 10.1007/s40122-024-00641-2

106. Napiórkowska-Baran, K.; Treichel, P.; Dardzińska, A.; Majcherczak, A.; Pilichowicz, A.; Szota, M.; Szymczak, B.; Alska, E.; Przybyszewska, J.; Bartuzi, Z. Immunomodulatory Effects of Selected Non-Nutritive Bioactive Compounds and Their Role in Optimal Nutrition. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47020089

107. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Bustamante-Sanchez, Á.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Martínez-Guardado, I.; Martín-Rodríguez, A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Antioxidants and Sports Performance. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2371. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102371

108. Drobnic F, Lizarraga MA, Caballero-García A, Cordova A. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation and Its Impact on Exercise and Sport Performance in Humans: A Recovery or a Performance-Enhancing Molecule? Nutrients. 2022 Apr 26;14(9):1811. doi: 10.3390/nu14091811.

109. Posnakidis G, Giannaki CD, Mougios V, Pantzaris M, Patrikios I, Calder PC, Sari DK, Bogdanis GC, Aphamis G. Effects of Supplementation with Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Antioxidant Vitamins, Combined with High-Intensity Functional Training, on Exercise Performance and Body Composition: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2024 Sep 1;16(17):2914. doi: 10.3390/nu16172914.

110. Mini-Review N-acetilcisteina https://www.mitochon.it/n-acetilcisteina-nac-dalla-clinica-allanti-aging/

111. Sun M, Lu Z, Chen WM, Lv S, Fu N, Yang Y, Wang Y, Miao M, Wu SY, Zhang J. N-acetylcysteine therapy reduces major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2025 Mar;402:119117. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119117.  

112. Prasad K. Atherogenic Effect of Homocysteine, a Biomarker of Inflammation and Its Treatment. Int J Angiol. 2024 Jul 8;33(4):262-270. doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1788280. 

113. Mini-Review Vitamina B12 https://www.mitochon.it/vitamina-b12-nelle-strategie-antiaging/

114. Mini-Review Acido Folico https://www.mitochon.it/acido-folico-dalla-clinica-allantiaging-attualita-2024/

115. xx. Mini-Review Vitamina B12 - Acido Folico https://www.mitochon.it/vitamina-b12-e-acido-folico-cosa-ce-di-nuovo-parte-1/

116. Ross FC, Mayer DE, Horn J, Cryan JF, Del Rio D, Randolph E, Gill CIR, Gupta A, Ross RP, Stanton C, Mayer EA. Potential of dietary polyphenols for protection from age-related decline and neurodegeneration: a role for gut microbiota? Nutr Neurosci. 2024 Sep;27(9):1058-1076. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2023.2298098.

117. Ebrahimi A, Kamyab A, Hosseini S, Ebrahimi S, Ashkani-Esfahani S. Involvement of Coenzyme Q10 in Various Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases. Biochem Res Int. 2023 Nov 1;2023:5510874. doi: 10.1155/2023/5510874.

118. Mantle, D.; Hargreaves, I.P. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Role of Nutritional Supplementation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012603

119. Wang S, Liao Z, Zhang Q, Han X, Liu C and Wang J (2025) Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease: a key frontier for future targeted therapies. Front. Immunol. 15:1484373. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1484373

120. Tu W, Song M, Fan X. Does resveratrol improve cognition in humans? A scientometric study to an in-depth review. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023 Sep;29(9):2413-2429. doi: 10.1111/cns.14276.

121. Gostimirovic M, Rajkovic J, Bukarica A, Simanovic J, Gojkovic-Bukarica L. Resveratrol and Gut Microbiota Synergy: Preventive and Therapeutic Effects. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Dec 17;24(24):17573. doi: 10.3390/ijms242417573.

122. Meyer C, Brockmueller A, Ruiz de Porras V, Shakibaei M. Microbiota and Resveratrol: How Are They Linked to Osteoporosis? Cells. 2024 Jul 3;13(13):1145. doi: 10.3390/cells13131145.

123. Satoh, K.; Hazama, M.; Maeda-Yamamoto, M.; Nishihira, J. Relationship Between Dietary Habits and Stress Responses Exerted by Different Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081388

124. Sejbuk, M.; Siebieszuk, A.; Witkowska, A.M. The Role of Gut Microbiome in Sleep Quality and Health: Dietary Strategies for Microbiota Support. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142259

125. Wu, X.; Zhou, Y.; Xi, Y.; Zhou, H.; Tang, Z.; Xiong, L.; Qin, D. Polyphenols: Natural Food-Grade Biomolecules for the Treatment of Nervous System Diseases from a Multi-Target Perspective. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060775

126. Mini-Review Vitamine complesso B - microbiota https://www.mitochon.it/le-vitamine-del-gruppo-b-cosa-ce-di-nuovo-parte-2/

127. An Y, Cao Z, Du Y, Xu G, Wang J, Zheng J, Lu Y. Bidirectional Two-Sample, Two-Step Mendelian Randomisation Study Reveals Mediating Role of Gut Microbiota Between Vitamin B Supplementation and Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients. 2024 Nov 18;16(22):3929. doi: 10.3390/nu16223929. 

128. Liang Y, Han Y, Xiao L, Su Y, Bao T, Ji X, Jia L, Zhang J. Coenzyme Q10 modulates the immunity by enhancing mononuclear macrophage, NK cell activity, and regulating gut microbiota. Front Nutr. 2025 Mar 17;12:1504831. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1504831.

129. Tang L, Liu M, Mu J, Tian J. Association between circulating antioxidants and sleep disorders: comprehensive results from NHANES 2017-2018. Food Funct. 2024 Jun 17;15(12):6657-6672. doi: 10.1039/d4fo00413b.

130. Jiang J, Li D, Huang T, Huang S, Tan H, Xia Z. Antioxidants and the risk of sleep disorders: results from NHANES and two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr. 2024 Oct 2;11:1453064. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1453064.

131. Cheng C, Chen X, Zhang L, Wang Z, Duan H, Wu Q, Yan R, Wang D, Li Z, He R, Li Z, Chen Y, Ma F, Du Y, Li W, Huang G. A Risk Correlative Model for Sleep Disorders in Chinese Older Adults Based on Blood Micronutrient Levels: A Matched Case-Control Study. Nutrients. 2024 Sep 29;16(19):3306. doi: 10.3390/nu16193306.

132. Dong Y, Luo M. Association between serum folate and sleep duration in American adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2010. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Nov 29;103(48):e40767. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000040767. 

133. Zhang Q, Qi X, Wang Z, Zhang D, Wang T. The Association Between Dietary Vitamin C and Sleep Disorders: A Cohort Study Based on UK Biobank. Nutrients. 2024 Oct 28;16(21):3661. doi: 10.3390/nu16213661.

134. Wang S, Lai F, Zhao L, Zhou J, Kong D, Yu H, Ding Y. Association between vitamin C in serum and trouble sleeping based on NHANES 2017-2018. Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 27;14(1):9727. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56703-0.

135. Semenova NV, Madaeva IM, Brichagina AS, Kolesnikov SI, Kolesnikova LI. Glutathione Component of Antioxidant Status in Menopausal Women with Insomnia. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2022 Oct;173(6):775-778. doi: 10.1007/s10517-022-05628-7. 

136. Zhu W, Gong A, Zhang B, Cheng H, Huang L, Wu X, Zhang D, Dai W, Li S, Xu H. The Chronobiological and Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Resveratrol in Improving Sleep. Mediators Inflamm. 2025 Mar 19;2025:4954030. doi: 10.1155/mi/4954030.

137. Chandankhede M, Gupta M, Pakhmode S. Assessment of Psychological Status and Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Menopausal Med. 2021 Dec;27(3):155-161. doi: 10.6118/jmm.20035.

138. Li D, Xu W, Wu Q, Zheng H, Li Y. Ascorbic acid intake is inversely associated with prevalence of depressive symptoms in US midlife women: A cross-sectional  study. J Affect Disord. 2022 Feb 15;299:498-503. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.049.

139. Lephart ED, Naftolin F. Menopause and the Skin: Old Favorites and New Innovations in Cosmeceuticals for Estrogen-Deficient Skin. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021 Feb;11(1):53-69. doi: 10.1007/s13555-020-00468-7.

140. Corbi G, Nobile V, Conti V, Cannavo A, Sorrenti V, Medoro A, Scapagnini G, Davinelli S. Equol and Resveratrol Improve Bone Turnover Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women: A Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul 27;24(15):12063. doi: 10.3390/ijms241512063.

141. Zhang Y, Gui L, Yin Y, Tong X, Xia G, Wang Y, Yi J, Tian C, Liu X, Yang H. Network pharmacology integrated with pharmacological evaluation for investigating the mechanism of resveratrol in perimenopausal depression. Behav Brain Res. 2025 Feb 4;477:115304. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115304.

142. Montoya-Estrada, A.; García-Cortés, A.Y.; Romo-Yañez, J.; Ortiz-Luna, G.F.; Arellano-Eguiluz, A.; Belmont-Gómez, A.; Lopéz-Ugalde, V.; León-Reyes, G.; Flores-Pliego, A.; Espejel-Nuñez, A.; et al. The Administration of Resveratrol and Vitamin C Reduces Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women—A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3775. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213775

143. Thaung Zaw JJ, Howe PR, Wong RH. Long-term effects of resveratrol on cognition, cerebrovascular function and cardio-metabolic markers in postmenopausal women: A 24-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Clin Nutr. 2021 Mar;40(3):820-829. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.025.

144. Thaung Zaw JJ, Howe PRC, Wong RHX. Long-term resveratrol supplementation improves pain perception, menopausal symptoms, and overall well-being in postmenopausal women: findings from a 24-month randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Menopause. 2020 Aug 31;28(1):40-49. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001643.  

145. Zhu, D.; Pham, Q.M.; Wang, C.; Colonnello, E.; Yannas, D.; Nguyen, B.H.; Zhang, Y.; Jannini, E.A.; Sansone, A. Erectile Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 3073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073073

146. Asero V, Scornajenghi CM, Iaconis S, Sicignano E, Falcone A, Dinacci F, Pagano G, Carino D, Corvino R, Tresh A. Interplay between male gonadal function and overall male health. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2024 Jun 5;35(3):105-110. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2024-0054.

147. Rotimi DE, Singh SK. Implications of lifestyle factors on male reproductive health. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2024 Jun 1;28(2):320-330. doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20240007.

148. Akhigbe TM, Fidelis FB, Adekunle AO, Ashonibare VJ, Akorede BA, Shuaibu MS, Hassan SA, Adegbola CA, Ashonibare PJ, Oladapo OM, Adeogun AE, Bamidele SG, Oyedokun PA, Mukolokota M, Kukoyi OS, Oladipo AA, Adelowo OE, Akangbe MD, Hughes JR, Ricken AM, Culty M, Avellar MCW, Akhigbe RE. Does coenzyme Q10 improve semen quality and circulating testosterone level? a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. 2025 Jan 3;15:1497930. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1497930.

149. Wang W, Luo Q, Xiang L, Xiong Y, Qin F, Yuan J. Dietary intakes of vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12 and erectile dysfunction: a national population-based study. Transl Androl Urol. 2024 Aug 31;13(8):1395-1404. doi: 10.21037/tau-24-161. 

150. Mintel announces Global Beauty and Personal Care Trends for 2024 https://www.mintel.com/press-centre/mintel-announces-global-beauty-and-personal-care-trends-for-2024/