Antiossidanti e vitamine: perché sono utili per l’umore, l’energia e la vitalità?

Un recente articolo della rivista Cells focalizza alcuni meccanismi molecolari e cellulari all’origine dei disturbi depressivi (1, 2, 3, 4).

Tra i fenomeni che aumentano il rischio di sintomi depressivi troviamo l’infiammazione cronica, che danneggia le strutture nervose e contribuisce ad innescare i fenomeni all’origine di queste problematiche (4-11).

Si tratta di un fenomeno che può colpire tutte le fasce d’età, inclusa l’adolescenza (12, 13).

Questa condizione può presentarsi anche in persone sane, non solo in quelle affette da malattie (14, 15, 16). 

Il “rischio infiammatorio” e di disturbi depressivi può aumentare in particolari periodi della vita come nel post-partum (17); nel periodo intorno alla menopausa e quello successivo (4, 18), oltre alle conseguenze di stili di vita “pro-infiammatori” (4, 19-26).

Ne sono un esempio: fumo di tabacco, insufficiente qualità e durata del sonno, eccessivo consumo di alcol, di bevande zuccherine, di cibi ultra-processati ecc. (4, 19-26).

Viceversa, la riduzione del rischio di depressione può essere raggiunta con comportamenti più salubri, es.: esercizio fisico, controllo ponderale e glicemico, adeguata durata e qualità del sonno ecc. (4, 27, 28, 29, 30) 

Lo stato infiammatorio dell’organismo viene facilitato da altre alterazioni come lo stress ossidativo, l’insufficiente produzione di energia necessaria alle cellule nervose (disfunzione mitocondriale), meccanismi immunitari (3, 4, 19, 31, 32, 33), squilibri metabolici ecc. (34-43).

Questi processi fisiopatologici sono negativamente influenzati dall’abbassamento delle difese antiossidanti dell’organismo, un problema molto frequente nelle persone depresse (4, 31, 44). Sono infatti documentati bassi livelli di sostanze antiossidanti endogene come: glutatione (45, 46), catalasi (31), coenzima Q10 (47), albumina, ed acido urico (44).

Tra i fattori all’origine di questo fenomeno, anche l’insufficiente assunzione di antiossidanti da fonti alimentari o da nutraceutici, che rappresenta un ulteriore rischio per la depressione e per le sue possibili complicazioni (48, 49-62) (Nota 1).

Esistono inoltre molti altri processi molecolari che accelerano l’invecchiamento cellulare e dell’intero organismo, e sono correlati ai sintomi depressivi (3, 63-125), alla riduzione delle prestazioni cognitive, sensoriali, psico-sociali e motorie e, in generale, alla flessione del benessere fisico e mentale (126-136).

Adeguati stili di vita, ed opportune valutazioni mediche, sono sempre elementi insostituibili per arginare queste complesse problematiche.

Secondo le più recenti ricerche cliniche, assume un ruolo fondamentale anche aumentare le difese antiossidanti, immunitarie e antinfiammatorie del nostro organismo contribuisce a ridurre il rischio ed attenuare la sintomatologia depressiva, anche in associazione alle terapie farmacologiche (1, 2, 3, 4).

Vantaggi dell’integrazione mirata

Gli ingredienti attivi di Mitofast® e Mitofast B12  (Nota 1) sono stati selezionati dalla ricerca Mitochon srl per contrastare in modo sinergico i meccanismi dell’invecchiamento cutaneo e sistemico: ossido-infiammazione, disfunzione mitocondriale ecc. (78, 89, 90, 91, 136, 137).

I componenti di Mitofast® agiscono infatti in modo significativo su molti aspetti del benessere psicofisico, anche attraverso specifiche azioni cardio- e neuroprotettive, metaboliche, ed energizzanti (78, 89, 90, 91, 136, 137).

Inoltre, Mitofast® incrementa in modo significativo le difese antiossidanti dell’organismo, aumentando i livelli ematici di glutatione, coenzima Q10, vitamina E; oltre a stimolare la sintesi degli antiossidanti endogeni, es.: catalasi e superossido dismutasi (138, 139).

Gli studi clinici hanno dimostrato il significativo miglioramento dei sintomi depressivi derivante dall’integrazione mirata con coenzima Q10 (137-146), acido folico e vitamina B12 (84-91, 147-158). Un ulteriore contributo lo forniscono la N-acetilcisteina attraverso l’incremento dei livelli ematici di glutatione (4, 45, 89, 159-163), ed il resveratrolo per le sue elevate capacità neuroprotettive (78, 89, 164, 164-179).

Questi ingredienti attivi contribuiscono anche a modulare il microbiota intestinale (84-91, 147-158), rallentare l’invecchiamento biologico ed i disturbi collegati (184-186).

Conclusioni

L’integrazione mirata con antiossidanti / antinfiammatori è una risorsa importante anche per ridurre i rischio dei sintomi depressivi e di molte malattie causate dall’ossido-infiammazione e dal precoce invecchiamento biologico.

I nutraceutici Mitochon srl oltre ai riconosciuti risultati antiaging, possono contribuire a migliorare le condizioni generali dell’organismo, incluso il tono dell’umore, i livelli di energia e vitalità.

Nota 1 (104-125)

Depressione e comorbidità

Nei soggetti con sintomi depressivi, l’accelerazione dell’invecchiamento aumenta il rischio di declino cognitivo e di altre malattie croniche che, a loro volta, possono aggravare lo stato ossido-infiammatorio, ed i meccanismi correlati (104, 105, 106).

Queste processi sono influenzati da altri fattori pro-infiammatori, ad esempio, l’insonnia (106), il sovrappeso / obesità ecc. (107).

Anche le più recenti ricerche sottolineano le reciproche influenze tra depressione e la multimorbidità (108), le malattie neurodegenerative (109, 110, 111); il diabete di tipo 2 (112); le malattie cardiovascolari (113-117); inclusa l’influenza bidirezionale sull’invecchiamento vascolare (118), le malattie gastrointestinali (119-122), le malattie infiammatorie della pelle, es.: dermatite atopica (123) e psoriasi (124, 125).

Nota 2

Gli integratori Mitofast® e Mitofast B12 , attenuano i fenomeni biomolecolari dell’invecchiamento cutaneo e sistemico, incluso quello del sistema nervoso centrale e di altri apparati ed organi.

•   Mitofast® è una formulazione orosolubile, bilanciata e sinergica di: resveratrolo, coenzima Q10, acido folico, vitamina C, N-acetilcisteina (NAC) precursore di glutatione, N-acetilglucosamina (NAG) per la sintesi di acido ialuronico. 

•   Mitofast B12 è un integratore liquido studiato per somministrare in modo mirato la ciancobalamina, la forma di vitamina B12 farmacologicamente più adatta per l’uso orale.

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69. Gao X, Geng T, Jiang M, Huang N, Zheng Y, Belsky DW, Huang T. Accelerated biological aging and risk of depression and anxiety: evidence from 424,299 UK Biobank participants. Nat Commun. 2023 Apr 20;14(1):2277. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38013-7. Erratum in: Nat Commun. 2023 Sep 25;14(1):5970. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41786-6. 

70. Diniz B, Zhao S, Drouard G, Vuoksimaa E, Ollikainen M, Lenze E, Xu M, Fortinski R, Kuchel G, Kaprio J, Kuo CL. Biological aging acceleration in major depressive disorder: a multi-omics, multi-modal analyses. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2025 May 28:rs.3.rs-6716774. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6716774/v1.

71. Hong Y. Association between epigenetic age acceleration and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025 Aug 1. doi: 10.1007/s00406-025-02069-x.

72. Chen M, Gao Q, Zhu X, Zhang J, Xia R, Zhang Q. Dietary inflammatory index and depressive symptoms as mediators between social disadvantage and accelerated phenotypic aging. J Affect Disord. 2025 Dec 15;391:119995. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119995.

73. Wang H, Bakulski KM, Blostein F, Porath BR, Dou J, Tejera CH, Ryan LH, Ware EB. Are depressive symptoms associated with biological aging in a cross-sectional analysis of adults over age 50 in the United States. Psychol Aging. 2024 Dec;39(8):946-959. doi: 10.1037/pag0000860.

74. How EH, Chin SM, Teo CH, Parhar IS, Soga T. Accelerated biological brain aging in major depressive disorder. Rev Neurosci. 2024 Jul 15;35(8):959-968. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0025.

75. Xu EY, Green C, McCartney DL, Han LKM, Evans KL, Walker RM, Gadd DA, Steele D, Waiter G, Campbell A, Lawrie SM, Cole JH, McIntosh AM, Shen X, Whalley HC. Epigenetic and Structural Brain Aging and Their Associations With Major Depressive Disorder. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci. 2025 Aug 5;5(6):100577. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100577. 

76. Solh T, Cevher ŞC. The relationship between neuropsychiatric disorders and aging: A review on telomere length, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Behav Brain Res. 2025 May 8;485:115528. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115528.

77. Wu Y, Xiang M, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Cheng W, Deng J. The L-shaped link between total antioxidant capacity and phenotypic age acceleration: evidence from NHANES 2003-2010. Biogerontology. 2025 Apr 2;26(2):85. doi: 10.1007/s10522-025-10223-0. 

78. Mini-Review Resveratrolo - Età biologica / Coenzima Q10 disfunzione mitocondriale 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/resveratrolo-coenzima-q10-eta-biologica-mitocondri-cosa-ce-di-nuovo/?v=0d149b90e739

79. Zhang C, Han RF, Yin S, Huang YQ. Differential associations of dietary inflammatory potential, antioxidant capacity, and Mediterranean diet adherence with biological aging: A UK Biobank study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2025 Sep;29(9):100638. doi: 10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100638.

80. Carvalho BG, Ribeiro AA, da Mota JCNL, Carvalho LM, Nicoletti CF. Integrating biological age, epigenetic clocks, and telomere length in precision nutrition strategies for chronic disease management: Potential frameworks and ongoing challenges. Nutr Res. 2025 Aug;140:135-160. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2025.06.010.

81. Zhang Y, Gong F, Zhang AH, Wang GW, Liu Y, Li T. Serum Vitamin C concentrations are inversely related to biological aging: a population-based cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res. 2025 Sep 26;30(1):864. doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-03150-w.

82. Wang X, Qu X, Jiang G. Sex-stratified and ascorbic acid intake-modified associations between body roundness index and biological aging: a NHANES-based study on interactions and mediation. Lipids Health Dis. 2025 Sep 19;24(1):281. doi: 10.1186/s12944-025-02708-1.

83. Izadi M, Sadri N, Abdi A, Raeis Zadeh MM, Sadatipour S, Baghdadi G, Jalaei D, Tahmasebi S. Harnessing the fundamental roles of vitamins: the potent anti-oxidants in longevity. Biogerontology. 2025 Feb 7;26(2):58. doi: 10.1007/s10522-025-10202-5.

84. Bozack AK, Khodasevich D, Nwanaji-Enwerem JC, Gladish N, Shen H, Daredia S, Gamble M, Needham BL, Rehkopf DH, Cardenas A. One-carbon metabolism-related compounds are associated with epigenetic aging biomarkers: results from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 Aug;122(2):413-423. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.05.029.

85. Li Y, Peng D, Yu Z, Deng J, Zhao L, Cao R. Association between methyl donor nutrients' dietary intake with phenotypic aging among US adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2005-2018. Sci Rep. 2025 Apr 12;15(1):12591. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96668-2. 

86. Xu CC, Zhao WX, Sheng Y, Yun YJ, Ma T, Fan N, Song JQ, Wang J, Zhang Q. Serum homocysteine showed potential association with cognition and abnormal gut microbiome in major depressive disorder. World J Psychiatry. 2025 Mar 19;15(3):102567. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i3.102567. 

87. Zhuang J, Zhang H, Hu D, Meng T, Chen H, Wang H, Zhang G. Homocysteine-Responsive Covalent Organic Frameworks as Signaling Scaffolds: Modulating Transsulfuration for Depression Treatment. Small. 2025 Jun;21(23):e2501944. doi: 10.1002/smll.202501944.

88. Gao Y, Song XN, Wen ZP, Hu JZ, Du XZ, Zhang JH, Liu S. The association of vitamin deficiency with depression risk in late-life depression: a review. Front Nutr. 2025 Apr 15;12:1551375. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1551375. 

89. Mini-Review Antiaging cognitivo 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/antiaging-cognitivo/?v=0d149b90e739

90. Mini-Review Antiaging cardiovascolare 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/antiaging-cardiovascolare/?v=0d149b90e739

91. Mini-Review Antiaging muscolare 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/antiaging-muscolare/?v=0d149b90e739

92. Liang W, Guo H, Li L, Tan W, Liu J, Hu X, Wang Y, Zhou S. Ferroptosis: a new target for depression prevention and treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2025 Jul;132(7):979-997. doi: 10.1007/s00702-025-02912-4.

93. Feng X, Zhang W, Liu X, Wang Q, Dang X, Han J, Zhang X. Ferroptosis-associated signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches in depression. Front Neurosci. 2025 Mar 19;19:1559597. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1559597. 

94. Zhao J, Zhou T, Jing Y, Shao J, Xie C, Huang Y, Long T, Luo J. Association of α-klotho concentrations with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in American adults with depression: a national prospective cohort study. Transl Psychiatry. 2024 Dec 27;14(1):505. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-03215-0.

95. Jiang H, Zhong J, Wei B, Zhang A. Serum klotho levels modify the positive relationship of depression and all-cause mortality risk. Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 18;15(1):32592. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04948-8. 

96. Zheng S, Yang L, Dai Q, Li X, Masuoka T, Lv J. Role of sirtuin 1 in depression induced coronary heart disease: Molecular pathways and therapeutic potential (Review). Biomed Rep. 2025 Jan 14;22(3):46. doi: 10.3892/br.2025.1924. 

97. Zhang Y, Gui L, Yin Y, Tong X, Xia G, Wang Y, Yi J, Tian C, Liu X, Yang H. Network pharmacology integrated with pharmacological evaluation for investigating the mechanism of resveratrol in perimenopausal depression. Behav Brain Res. 2025 Feb 4;477:115304. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115304.

98. Yu H, Li X, Ning B, Feng L, Ren Y, Li S, Kang Y, Ma J, Zhao M. SIRT1: a potential therapeutic target for coronary heart disease combined with anxiety or depression. J Drug Target. 2025 Mar;33(3):328-340. doi: 10.1080/1061186X.2024.2422882. 

99. Chen CY, Wang YT, Liu LJ, Zhang Y. Sirtuin 3, a mitochondrial metabolic enzyme, links the mitochondrial function to neurophysiology in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2025 Nov 14:111563. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111563. 

100. Zou J, Liu L, Chai F, Shan Q, Wang Y. The Role of Sirt1 in Regulating Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in the Transition Mechanism from Depressive Disorder to Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Oct;62(10):13136-13152. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05084-0. 

101. Liu T, Conley YP, Erickson KI, Miao H, Connolly CG, Ormsbee MJ, Li C. 12-Year Physical Activity Trajectories and Epigenetic Age Acceleration Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Biol Res Nurs. 2025 Jul;27(3):442-452. doi: 10.1177/10998004251334415. 

102. Pourteymour S, Majhi RK, Norheim FA, Drevon CA. Exercise Delays Brain Ageing Through Muscle-Brain Crosstalk. Cell Prolif. 2025 Jul;58(7):e70026. doi: 10.1111/cpr.70026. 

103. Liufu C, Pang T, Zheng H, Yang L, Yang L, Huang X, Qian Y, Chang S. Epigenetic Clocks Identify Harmful Epigenetic Aging Linked to Depression Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Major Depressive Disorder. Aging Dis. 2025 Aug 28. doi: 10.14336/AD.2025.0781.

104. Opsasnick LA, Zhao W, Schmitz LL, Ratliff SM, Faul JD, Zhou X, Needham BL, Smith JA. Depressive symptoms partially mediate the relationship between psychosocial factors and epigenetic age acceleration in a multi-racial/ethnic sample of older adults. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2025 Apr 12;45:100994. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2025.100994.

105. Li YJ, Kuplicki R, Ford BN, Kresock E, Figueroa-Hall L, Savitz J, McKinney BA. Gene age gap estimate (GAGE) for major depressive disorder: A penalized biological age model using gene expression. Neurobiol Aging. 2025 Jul;151:13-21. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2025.01.012. 

106. Ma Z, Shen S, Hao M, Qin Y, Tang Y, Jin L, Wang F, Gong X. Accelerated epigenetic aging in males with mood disorders accompanied by insomnia. J Affect Disord. 2026 Jan 15;393(Pt B):120381. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.120381.

107. Assari S, Pallera JA. Depression, Subjective Health, Obesity, and Multimorbidity are Associated with Epigenetic Age Acceleration. J Biomed Life Sci. 2025;5(1):42-57. doi: 10.31586/jbls.2025.6041. Epub 2025 Apr 3.

108. Xie Z, Wu Z, Sun W, Chen H, Zhang W, Li Y, Niu Q, Li H, Guo H, Ma R, He J. Association between depression and multimorbidity in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2025 Sep 15;385:119445. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119445.

109. Papa D, Ingenito A, von Gal A, De Pandis MF, Piccardi L. Relationship Between Depression and Neurodegeneration: Risk Factor, Prodrome, Consequence, or Something Else? A Scoping Review. Biomedicines. 2025 Apr 23;13(5):1023. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13051023.

110. Negru DC, Tit DM, Negru PA, Bungau G, Marin RC. Predictors of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease: A Longitudinal Bayesian Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025 May 11;61(5):877. doi: 10.3390/medicina61050877. 

111. Hu C, Sun X, Li Z, He Y, Han B, Wu Z, Liu S, Jin L. Multitrajectories of Frailty and Depression With Cognitive Function: Findings From the Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2025 Apr;16(2):e13795. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13795.   

112. Xu H, Chen Q. The bidirectional influence between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the state of depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2025 Oct 1;386:119467. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119467. 

113. Huang L, Zhang L, Liu C, Xu Q, Qiu K. Interaction and mechanisms of depression and cardiovascular disease: a mini-review. PeerJ. 2025 Oct 9;13:e20148. doi: 10.7717/peerj.20148.

114. Tu Q, Lin S, Hafiz N, Hyun K, Manandi D, Zhao E, Wu H, Huang Y, Ma S, Zhang Z, Zheng J, Redfern J. Independent and joint associations of hypertension and depression with cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: a population-based cohort study. J Hum Hypertens. 2025 Sep;39(9):634-642. doi: 10.1038/s41371-025-01045-1.

115. Li J, Bosch JA, Rydin AO, Hourican C, Koloi A, Tassi S, Mishra PP, Mishra BH, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Laaksonen R, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Juonala M, Quax R. A multilayer network analysis of cardiovascular-depression comorbidity reveals symptom-specific molecular biomarkers. Psychol Med. 2025 Oct 24;55:e316. doi: 10.1017/S0033291725102109. 

116. Zeng J, Qiu Y, Yang C, Fan X, Zhou X, Zhang C, Zhu S, Long Y, Hashimoto K, Chang L, Wei Y. Cardiovascular diseases and depression: A meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2025 Sep;30(9):4234-4246. doi: 10.1038/s41380-025-03003-2. Epub 2025 Apr 17. Erratum in: Mol Psychiatry. 2025 Sep;30(9):4444. doi: 10.1038/s41380-025-03049-2. 

117. Pino MD, Rivero P, Taylor A, Gabriel R. Impact of depression and cardiovascular risk factors on cognitive impairment in patients with atrial fibrillation: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2025 Jan;128:105601. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105601.

118. Feng YT, Pei JY, Wang YP, Feng XF. Association between depression and vascular aging: a comprehensive analysis of predictive value and mortality risks. J Affect Disord. 2024 Dec 15;367:632-639. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.100. 

119. Dale HF, Kolby M, Valeur J. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications. Nutrients. 2025; 17(22):3567. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223567

120. Zhou S, Zi J, Hu Y, Wang X, Cheng G, Xiong J. Genetic correlation, pleiotropic loci and shared risk genes between major depressive disorder and gastrointestinal tract disorders. J Affect Disord. 2025 Apr 1;374:84-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.048.

121. Luo K, Zhang M, Tu Q, Li J, Wang Y, Wan S, Li D, Qian Q, Xia L. From gut inflammation to psychiatric comorbidity: mechanisms and therapies for anxiety and depression in inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2025 Jun 3;22(1):149. doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03476-6.

122. Petracco G, Faimann I, Reichmann F. Inflammatory bowel disease and neuropsychiatric disorders: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutics targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Pharmacol Ther. 2025 May;269:108831. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108831. 

123. Jiang H, Gong B, Yan Z, Wang P, Hong J. Identification of novel biomarkers associated with immune infiltration in major depression disorder and atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2025 Feb 15;317(1):417. doi: 10.1007/s00403-025-03907-7.

124. Keenan EL, Granstein RD. Proinflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides in psoriasis, depression, and anxiety. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2025 Mar;241(3):e70019. doi: 10.1111/apha.70019.

125. Lu J, Zhang N, Zhou C, Wang Y, Yin Z. The mediating role of sleep disturbances in the psoriasis-depression association: A population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2025 Sep;93(3):804-806. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2025.05.1368. 

126. Lu WH, Gonzalez-Bautista E, Guyonnet S, Lucas A, Parini A, Walston JD, Vellas B, de Souto Barreto P; MAPT/DSA Group. Plasma inflammation-related biomarkers are associated with intrinsic capacity in community-dwelling older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023 Apr;14(2):930-939. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13163.

127. Aragoni da Silva J, Rolland Y, Martinez LO, de Souto Barreto P. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Intrinsic Capacity: Insights From a Narrative Review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023 May 11;78(5):735-742. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glac227.

128. Ramírez-Vélez R, Borda MG, Sáez de Asteasu ML, Izquierdo M. Intrinsic capacity as a predictor of depression onset in middle-aged and older adults: Insights from the UK Biobank. J Affect Disord. 2025 Nov 1;388:119590. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119590. E

129. Samhat H, Duque G. Capturing vitality: Toward a multidimensional lens for intrinsic capacity and healthy aging. J Nutr Health Aging. 2025 Aug;29(8):100636. doi: 10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100636.

130. Peng KY, Chen ZJ, Tang FP, Lee SC, Tung HH, Chen KE, Chen LK, Hsiao FY. Vitality attributes and their associations with intrinsic capacity, resilience, and happiness in community-dwelling adults: Results from Gan-Dau Healthy Longevity Plan Wave 2. J Nutr Health Aging. 2025 Jul;29(7):100559. doi: 10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100559. 

131. Chew J, Lee J, Hernandez HHC, Munro YL, Lim CL, Lim WS. The vitality domain of intrinsic capacity: A scoping review of conceptual frameworks and measurements. J Frailty Aging. 2025 Aug;14(4):100058. doi: 10.1016/j.tjfa.2025.100058.

132. Lu JK, Wang W, Mahadzir MDA, Poganik JR, Moqri M, Herzog C, Verdin E, Sebastiano V, Gladyshev VN, Maier AB; Biomarkers of Aging Consortium. Digital biomarkers of ageing for monitoring physiological systems in community-dwelling adults. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2025 Jun;6(6):100725. doi: 10.1016/j.lanhl.2025.100725.

133. Lu WH, Guyonnet S, Raffin J, Bessou-Touya S, Helffer KR, Bianchi P, Digabel JL, Bensadoun P, Lemaitre JM, Barreto PS, Vellas B; IHU HealthAge INSPIRE/Open Science study group. Associations of Skin Biomechanical Properties With Biological Aging Clocks and Longitudinal Changes in Intrinsic Capacity in Adults Aged 20-93: The INSPIRE-T Project. Aging Cell. 2025 Aug 10:e70190. doi: 10.1111/acel.70190.

134. Yang HY, Park SH, Woo JE, Park BJ. Correlation Between External and Internal Skin Aging Markers by Skin Depth. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025 Aug;24(8):e70354. doi: 10.1111/jocd.70354.

135. Long B, Pan W, Wu S, Nong Q, Li W, Chen S, Guo H. Advances in the application of multi-omics analysis in skin aging. Front Aging. 2025 Jul 31;6:1596050. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2025.1596050. 

136. Mini-Review Salute della pelle neuroprotezione / Vitamina B12-acido folico 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/notizie-flash-2025/?v=0d149b90e739

137. Mini-Review Coenzima Q10 e stanchezza psicofisica 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/coenzima-q10-quale-ruolo-nella-gestione-della-stanchezza-psico-fisica/?v=0d149b90e739

138. Mini-Review studio pilota Mitofast 2024 https://www.mitochon.it/mitofast-nuovi-ed-importanti-risultati-da-uno-studio-clinico-preliminare/

139. Mini-Review Motivi per l’Integrazione Mirata 2024 https://www.mitochon.it/4-motivi-1-per-utilizzare-lintegrazione-mirata-contro-linvecchiamento-cutaneo-e-sistemico/

140. Mini-Review Coenzima Q10 2025 https://www.mitochon.it/il-coenzima-q10-novita-per-luso-mirato-nellantiaging-cutaneo-e-per-gli-effetti-sistemici/?v=0d149b90e739

141. Nankivell MC, Rosenfeldt F, Pipingas A, Pase MP, Reddan JM, Stough C. Coenzyme Q10 and Cognition: A Review. Nutrients. 2025; 17(17):2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172896

142. Akwan R, Elsharkawy MM, Zrineh A, Amleh A, Douden B, Alhouseini M, Alsaeed L, Eldesouki M. The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on depressive symptoms and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2025 Nov;81(11):1555-1568. doi: 10.1007/s00228-025-03904-9. 

143. Majmasanaye M, Mehrpooya M, Amiri H, Eshraghi A. Discovering the Potential Value of Coenzyme Q10 as an Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2024 May-Jun 01;44(3):232-239. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001845. 

144. Strodl, E., Bambling, M., Parnam, S. et al. Probiotics and magnesium orotate for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomised double blind controlled trial. Sci Rep 14, 20841 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71093-

145. Karamali M, Gholizadeh M. The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic profiles and parameters of mental health in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2022 Jan;38(1):45-49. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1991910.

146. Mantle D, Hargreaves IP. Coenzyme Q10 and Endocrine Disorders: An Overview. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(2):514. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020514

147. Mini-Review Vitamina B12 - Acido Folico 2024 https://www.mitochon.it/vitamina-b12-e-acido-folico-cosa-ce-di-nuovo-parte-1/

148. Mini-Review Vitamine complesso B - microbiota 2024  https://www.mitochon.it/le-vitamine-del-gruppo-b-cosa-ce-di-nuovo-parte-2/

149. Khiroya K, Sekyere E, McEwen B, Bayes J. Nutritional considerations in major depressive disorder: current evidence and functional testing for clinical practice. Nutr Res Rev. 2025 Jun;38(1):25-36. doi: 10.1017/S0954422423000276.

150. Lis A, Maj P, Świętek A, Romuk E. The Role of Various Types of Diets in the Treatments of Depressive Disorders. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025 Sep 24;61(10):1737. doi: 10.3390/medicina61101737.

151. Ekinci GN, Sanlier N. The relationship between nutrition and depression in the life process: A mini-review. Exp Gerontol. 2023 Feb;172:112072. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112072.

152. Zhang J, Wang XY, Yang S, Xu XQ, Pan SJ, Li Y. Dietary food folate and synthetic folic acid co-exposure patterns with elevated depressive symptoms: Findings from NHANES 2005-2018. J Affect Disord. 2025 Jul 1;380:715-724. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.191

153. Yang Y, Qi H, Zhang J, Jia J, Yang Y, Zhao H. Evaluating the association of depressive symptoms on serum folate and erythrocyte folate levels based on the 2017-2020 NHANES database. Front Nutr. 2025 Feb 10;12:1505700. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1505700. 

154. Li J, Duan H, Ramaswamy H, Wang C. A Comprehensive Review of Fortification, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits of Folate. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Aug 9;26(16):7703. doi: 10.3390/ijms26167703.

155. Marino FR, Rogers G, Miller JW, Selhub J, Mez J, Crane PK, Mukherjee S, Saykin AJ, Hohman TJ, Trittschuh EH, Au R, Jacques PF, Hwang PH. Higher vitamin B12 from mid- to late life is related to slower rates of cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement. 2025 Oct;21(10):e70864. doi: 10.1002/alz.70864.

156. Ma Z, An M, Gong W, Chen X, Liang M, Zhang J, Du X, Lu F, He Q, Wang M, Zhong J, Sun C. Non-linear association between serum levels of vitamins A and B12 and accelerated epigenetic aging. Front Nutr. 2025 Jul 28;12:1599205. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1599205.

157. Cruz-Rodríguez J, Canals-Sans J, Hernández-Martínez C, Arija V. Association between of vitamin B12 status during pregnancy and probable postpartum depression: the ECLIPSES study. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2025 Sep;43(5):1111-1125. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2024.2324043. 

158. Voros C, Sapantzoglou I, Athanasiou D, Mavrogianni D, Bananis K, Athanasiou A, Athanasiou A, Papadimas G, Tsimpoukelis C, Gkirgkinoudis A, Papapanagiotou I, Vaitsis D, Koulakmanidis AM, Ivanidou S, Stepanyan AJ, Daskalaki MA, Thomakos N, Theodora M, Antsaklis P, Chatzinikolaou F, Loutradis D, Daskalakis G. Invisible Links: Associations Between Micronutrient Deficiencies and Postpartum Depression-A Systematic Review. Life (Basel). 2025 Oct 8;15(10):1566. doi: 10.3390/life15101566.

159. Chakraborty S, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Tripathi SJ. The neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders: From modulation of glutamatergic transmission to restoration of synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology. 2025 Nov 1;278:110527. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110527. 

160. Russell SE, Skvarc DR, Mohebbi M, Camfield D, Byrne LK, Turner A, Ashton MM, Berk M, Dodd S, Malhi GS, Cotton SM, Bush AI, Dean OM. The Impact of N-acetylcysteine on Major Depression: Qualitative Observation and Mixed Methods Analysis of Participant Change during a 12-week Randomised Controlled Trial. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2023 May 30;21(2):320-331. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2023.21.2.320. 

161. Bradlow RCJ, Berk M, Kalivas PW, Back SE, Kanaan RA. The Potential of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. CNS Drugs. 2022 May;36(5):451-482. doi: 10.1007/s40263-022-00907-3. Epub 2022 Mar 22. Erratum in: CNS Drugs. 2022 May;36(5):553. doi: 10.1007/s40263-022-00925-1.

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